Software
Antibodies and Other Reagents for Glycans Analysis
Existing by decorating cells, proteins, lipids, and even RNA, sugars are one of the most common substances in biology. However, these carbohydrates, also known as glycans, receive relatively little attention in research, one reason for which is the lack of antibodies and other reagents for glycans compared to those for proteins and nucleic acids. Introduction to Glycans It's widely accepted that the structural complexity of glycans is mind-boggling due to various linkages of monosaccharides, branching structures, and enzymes, for which researchers would rather study neatly encoded biomolecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins than complex glycans. Nevertheless, the influence exerted by glycans in biological activities can't be overlooked. For instance, studies have proven that glycans can facilitate intercellular communication and immune responses; are altered in cancer cells; and are exploited by pathogens to get a foothold in host cells, all of which could provide significant biological information in related research. Moreover, it's the slight differences of glycans on red blood cells that enable us to define human blood as type A, B, AB, or O. More recently, scientists find that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein utilizes glycans to enter cells and thwart the host immune response, which provides insights for the development of antibodies and small molecules as well as vaccine design. Reagents for Glycans Analysis Most reagents for glycans analysis are less than optimal, though a few do have the glycan-binding affinity. For instance, lectins, the natural proteins from diverse organisms that bind to carbohydrates, have the leading affinity reagents for glycans. Given the important role of protein glycosylation in normal and disease-related processes, antibodies to lectins are often used to recognize and localize protein with lectin activity as biomarkers for disease detection. However, the downside of lectins is that they are not specific to individual glycans and have a shallow binding interface with glycan targets. Therefore, besides engineered lectins, glycobiologists have long been looking for reagents that enable assays, western blots, cell stainings, and other experiments for glycans, just as those that antibodies have enabled for protein studies. Some scientists are attempting to resort to anti-glycan antibody detection services, and some turn to improve these reagents with downsides. Either way, these new reagents for glycan analysis have the potential to make glycobiology experiments more straightforward than before. Development of Anti-glycan Antibodies Theoretically, conventional antibodies could be generated as analytic reagents for glycans, but it turned out that most antibodies rarely bind tightly to their target antigens and may cross-react with other molecules. In some depth, this has discouraged the idea of generating antibodies for carbohydrates. However, later research in 2000 has proven that an abundance of specific and high-affinity antibodies to various carbohydrates could be found in jawless sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus), a snakelike creature with toothy, round mouths in the sea. By comparing the immune system of Petromyzon marinus with those of jawed creatures, researchers discovered that the antibodies of jawless sea lampreys have different forms with a crescent-shaped binding site. It indicates that their antibodies can distinguish and more rigidly and specifically bind to intended antigens than mammalian antibodies, even though these targets look the same. This finding provides insights for carbohydrate antibody engineering and shows that making anti-glycan antibodies to distinguish many glycans is possible. To make the Petromyzon marinus molecules more convenient for laboratory use and enable their further therapeutic applications, researchers have designed hybrid molecules that combine the mammalian antibody base—the vertical section of the Y-shaped structure—with the unique binding domains of Petromyzon marinus antibodies. These novel intelligent anti-glycan reagents, which can distinguish different glycans, can be detected using the secondary antibodies that researchers have already used to identify conventional antibodies.
Recombinant Proteins and Peptides
With years of experience, Creative Biolabs can offer an extensive range of recombinant proteins and peptides including orthopoxviruses family, parapoxviruses family, molluscipoxviruses family, yatapoxviruses family, capripoxviruses family, suipoxviruses family, leporipoxviruses family and avipoxviruses family. Creative Biolabs is committed to providing highly customized comprehensive solutions with the best quality to advance your projects.
Monkeypox virus nucleic acid detection kits and ELISA kits
As the leading custom service provider, Creative Biolabs has been keeping a close eye on the development of the epidemic situation and accelerating the development of detection kits. Creative Biolabs provides Monkeypox virus nucleic acid detection kits and ELISA kits. Please feel free to contact us to learn more products and custom production.
Vaccine-Based Anti-monkeypox Drug Discovery Solutions
As a professional pre-clinical vaccine development and production server, Creative Biolabs has been engaged in the vaccine industry for over a decade. We combine traditional and updated technologies to help our global customers to design vaccine-based anti-monkeypox drug discovery solutions that address the urgent need for unmet treatment for monkeypox.
Monkeypox virus antibody
Creative Biolabs is the leading custom service provider that has extensive experience in various antibody production and engineering fields. As the leading custom service provider specializing in antibody production and engineering fields, Creative Biolabs has been keeping a close eye on the development of the epidemic situation and accelerating the development of monkeypox antibodies. Please feel free to contact us to learn more products and custom production.
engineering macrophage membrane
Macrophage membrane coated nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit a thin layer on the surface, a slightly larger size, and a negatively charged surface zeta potential and contain membrane proteins derived from macrophages. Macrophage membrane-mediated drug delivery systems are being paid more and more attention. Research scientists at Creative Biolabs are experts in engineering macrophage membrane as drug carriers and are happy to assist clients based on their requirements. Creative Biolabs provides efficiencies with shorter timelines to accelerate our clients' project development.
macrophage marker development
Classically (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages exhibit distinct functions. In vivo, there is a spectrum of macrophage phenotypes exists, and in vitro, there is low or non-selective M2 marker protein expression. Therefore, by leveraging the wealth of knowledge that we have on macrophage marker development, Creative Biolabs performs the most comprehensive analysis of the transcriptional signature of M1 and M2 macrophages in humans and mice. Our strategy can identify M1-exclusive or M2-exclusive markers, which can be used to distinguish between M1 and M2 macrophages. Our skilled scientists provide efficiencies with shorter timelines to accelerate our clients' M1/M2 macrophage marker development projects.
M1 macrophage polarization assay
Macrophage Therapeutics Development Platform at Creative Biolabs can generate macrophages by treating isolated bone marrow-derived or peritoneal macrophages with specific stimuli, including secreting inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8), and bacterial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), growth factors including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Moreover, based on surface markers and the distinctly produced cytokines, we also provide the validation of each polarized macrophage. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry (FC) could be conducted to analyze surface markers and cytokines expression upon request. Our polarization protocols are designed to achieve a stable, optimal, and effective regimen for in vitro induction to drive antigen-specific immune responses. Our M1 macrophage polarization assay allows the assessment of cytokine profiles, cell surface receptor expression, scavenging functions, and the ability to activate or suppress T-cell proliferation.
macrophage characterization
With an experienced team of in-house human and mouse macrophage characterization experts, Creative Biolabs has explored a comprehensive portfolio of strategies to provide our clients with highly customizable solutions. From project design to result analysis, our seasoned scientists will work with you to develop a complete solution for our client's needs in macrophage characterization.
Lectin Pathway
The lectin pathway is initiated when one of the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) binds to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (D-mannose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, or acetyl groups), on the surface of invading microorganisms or apoptotic/necrotic cells. The well-characterized PRRs include mannose-binding lectin (MBL), ficolins and collagen-containing soluble C-type lectins (collectins), such as kidney collectin-11 (CL-K1). These circulated lectins are complexed with serine proteases named MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs), comprising MASP-1, -2, and -3. The enzymatic cascade is really started after the binding of MBL/MASPs, CL-K1/MASPs, or ficolin/MASPs complexes to their targets.