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Sora AI Videos
Showcases Of The Best Text-To-Video AI Model On The World，Sora is an AI model developed by OpenAI that can create realistic and imaginative videos from text instructions. It is a text-to-video model that can generate videos up to a minute long while maintaining visual quality and adherence to the user’s prompt. Sora is designed to understand and simulate the physical world in motion, with the goal of training models that help people solve problems requiring real-world interaction
Cell Therapy: Surface Modification Technology Based on Cell Membrane
The cell membrane acts not only as a physical barrier but also as a functional organelle that regulates communication between cells and their environment. Functionalizing the cell membrane using synthetic molecules or nanostructures has the potential to enhance cellular functions beyond those achieved through natural evolution. Cell therapy represents a groundbreaking approach in treating major challenging diseases, including tissue injuries, degenerative diseases, and congenital metabolic disorders. The primary focus of biomedical research has always been on regulating cellular functions to maximize the efficiency of cell therapy. Given that the cell surface plays a critical role in cellular physiology and pathology by controlling recognition and communication between cells and their environment, functionalizing the cell surface emerges as an effective method for regulating cellular functions. We have developed a range of cell surface modification techniques based on molecular self-assembly approaches, wherein exogenous biomolecules and biomaterials are constructed on the cell surface through molecular engineering to regulate cell function and enhance the efficacy of cell therapy. This non-genetic engineering-based modification of the cell surface can functionalize cells within hours, significantly reducing manufacturing costs and processes without genetically modifying the cells, thereby making transient manipulation of cell functions feasible while avoiding potential safety risks. The highly specific biotin-avidin interaction exhibits remarkable resistance to harsh denaturing conditions, including heat, pH fluctuations, and organic solvents. Consequently, biotinylation holds immense promise in cell surface engineering. Cell surface-based biotinylation modification, leveraging the strong affinity between biotin molecules and avidin, enables the specific introduction of biotin on the cell surface, thereby functionalizing the cell through biotin-avidin binding. This technology typically involves the following steps: Introduction of biotin linker: Initially, molecules containing biotin linker groups must be introduced onto the cell surface. This can be accomplished through various methods, such as employing compounds containing biotin or utilizing biotin ligase to catalyze the covalent binding of biotin to cell surface molecules. Covalent binding of biotin linker with cell surface molecules: The biotin linker forms covalent bonds with molecules on the cell surface, thereby introducing biotin onto the cell membrane. This binding is typically highly specific, enabling the selective modification of specific cell surface structures. Interaction between biotin and avidin: Once the cell surface is labeled with biotin, the high -affinity interaction between biotin and avidin is utilized to functionalize the cell. Avidin is usually associated with fluorescent labels, polymers, or other molecular tags, which, upon specific binding with biotin, are introduced onto the cell surface, achieving functional modification of the cell. Functional application: Following the labeling of the cell surface with biotin and its binding to avidin, various functional modifications of the cell can be achieved. For instance, fluorescent labels can be utilized for cell imaging, drug carriers can be attached to the cell surface for drug delivery, or other functional molecules can be employed to regulate cell signaling, among other applications. Utilizing cell membrane coating technology to enhance the efficacy of drugs involves introducing additional cell membrane functions to increase their specificity. Although cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CM-NPs) can achieve prolonged circulation, adding targeting ligands can enhance their localization to specific targets, such as tumors. This cell membrane-based ligand modification technology offers a simpler and more effective approach by combining natural cell membranes with different ligands for biological tasks. This strategy involves stabilizing functional ligand molecules on the extracellular domains of cell membrane proteins using cell-impermeable linkers. The crux of this method lies in coupling the ligand with cell membrane proteins, thereby achieving functional modification of the cell membrane. This cell membrane-based surface engineering technology offers drug delivery systems with enhanced specificity and targeting, particularly in fields like tumor therapy, with extensive application prospects.
Bispecific Antibodies: A Rising Force in Revolutionary Cancer Treatment
Immunotherapy stands out as the most promising systemic approach to cancer treatment compared to conventional methods. Monoclonal antibodies, known for their ability to precisely target molecules, have emerged as a vital and effective modality in cancer therapy. However, the intricacies of tumor development often limit the effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies targeting a single point. The introduction of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs), capable of targeting multiple sites simultaneously, has transformed the landscape of tumor immunotherapy. What is a bispecific antibody? Over the last few decades, there has been a notable shift from developing and modifying basic antibodies (Abs) to more intricate Ab derivatives, with a special focus on bsAbs of varied shapes and sizes. BsAb technology holds tremendous promise in clinical applications, garnering researchers' attention and evolving into diverse forms, establishing a robust foundation for cancer immunotherapy centered around bsAbs. Presently, a multitude of preclinical and clinical trials are underway, marking the era of bispecific antibodies in tumor immunotherapy. As of December 2021, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted approval for three types of bsAbs for clinical cancer treatment. Due to their capability to simultaneously target two epitopes on tumor cells or within the tumor microenvironment (TME), bsAbs have become a pivotal and promising element of the next generation of therapeutic antibodies. The majority of bsAbs in current development are crafted as T-cell engagers, forging close connections between immune cells, particularly cytotoxic T cells, and tumor cells to create an artificial immune contact. This ultimately leads to selective attacks and lysis of targeted tumor cells. Bispecific T-cell engagers, as a groundbreaking cancer immunotherapy strategy, have exhibited encouraging results in clinical trials, particularly in hematologic malignancies. To date, only one bispecific T-cell engager, blinatumomab, has received approval from the FDA and the European Medicines Agency for treating relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and minimal residual disease (MRD)-positive B-ALL. Additionally, numerous other bispecific T-cell engagers are undergoing clinical trials, targeting various tumor types, including hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Classified by their functional mechanisms, bsAbs, besides cell-cell engagers, can be further divided into those binding two epitopes on the same antigen, dual-functional modulators, and bsAbs in cell therapy. One innovative form includes those with an antigen-binding Fc fragment (Fcab), incorporating a homodimeric Fc region with antigen-binding sites. This distinctive combination enables Fcabs to simultaneously leverage the functions mediated by the Fc domain and antigen-binding capabilities. Significantly, Fcabs are one-third smaller than full-length antibodies, facilitating superior tissue penetration, particularly advantageous in treating solid tumors. Moreover, Fcabs serve as a robust foundation for creating antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), ensuring precise drug delivery by linking cytotoxic drugs specifically to Fcab. While most bsAbs in clinical trials presently target hematologic malignancies, exploring bsAbs targeting solid tumors is essential due to their inevitable adverse effects on normal tissues. Factors like immune-tolerant cancer stroma, angiogenic disorders, and insufficient penetration of bsAb drugs contribute to the complexity of this exploration. As a result, there is enthusiastic interest in ongoing research on bsAbs in solid tumors. In conclusion, the outcomes of bsAb research underscore the promising prospects of these molecules in innovative drug design and subsequent clinical applications in cancer treatment.